污泥的电渗透脱水技术研究进展

污泥的处置困难,其关键是含水量过高。为了综合利用和最终处置,需对污泥作脱水处理。所以在整个污泥处理系统中,脱水是最重要的减量化手段。文章介绍了常规的污泥脱水方法,并且介绍新型污泥脱水技术-电渗透脱水技术（EDW）的原理及该技术在国内外污泥脱水领域的研究进展,指出了电渗透脱水的优势及存在的问题。最后,对其研究发展作了展望。     

排污权交易市场中政府角色研究

排污权交易的实质是利用市场机制来控制环境污染,这一市场行为正常运转的前提是明确政府部门在排污权交易市场中的职能和角色。本文从区域政府部门在排污权交易市场中需要发挥的重要作用,包括组织、监督、管理、协调等方面进行探讨,以对其职能和角色进行研究并得出结论,即现代政府在排污权交易中的角色定位应为管理者、协助者和引导者。     

九龙江流域森林生态修复模式建立与评价

通过对九龙江上游流域森林生态环境现状调查分析,表明：九龙江上游流域森林生态系统仍然脆弱,森林结构不舍理,林种、树种、龄级结构比例失调;林分总体质量下降,并严重导致为空间分布不均衡的破碎性和单一性的残次林;森林资源管护机制不落实,环境污染和“青山挂白”急待绿化整治。按照“绿、亮、美”要求和以人为本的原则,建立了适宜九龙江上游流域森林生态修复模式,并对实施效果进行评价。     

清洁生产审核在机械制造企业中的应用

清洁生产是企业实现可持续发展战略的必由之路,企业清洁生产审核是企业实施清洁生产的重要内容和有效工具。本文在对某机械制造企业进行清洁生产审核中,针对行业特点,结合企业自身情况,组织实施了3个中／高费方案和18无／低费方案,已实施方案每年可节电79．7万度,节约柴油10．1吨,节约工时费25．0万元,燃气费1．0万元,产生效益93．2万元,取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

单一及复合表面活性剂对菌株降解柴油的影响

研究了单一表面活性剂SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响,同时探讨了不同比例配制的复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂的CMC值变化,及对菌株SD10降解柴油的影响。实验主要结论如下：（1）SDS、TW80和鼠李糖脂,都能提高菌株SD10对柴油的降解率,鼠李糖脂能力最强,其次为TW80,SDS能力最弱。SDS和TW80浓度过高,会抑制菌株生长及活性,导致降解率下降,不过这种抑制或毒害作用可能是短时间的,超过一定时间后,菌株SD10活性又能恢复;（2）TW80或鼠李糖脂,与SDS复配,都能显著降低复合体系的CMC值,且SDS－鼠李糖脂复合体系的CMC值更低;（3）复合表面活性剂SDS—TW80以及SDS－鼠李糖脂比单一表面活性剂性能更强,能有效提高菌株对柴油的降解率,特别是鼠李糖脂和SDS配制复合表面活性剂效果更佳。复合表面活性剂的研究也将为表面活性剂增溶促降解研究和应用提供新的思路和理论基础。     

Spatial distribution of phosphorus forms in sediments with different distances to the estuary of the Dianchi Lake, China

Effects of human activity on the distribution of phosphorus (P) forms were investigated for the sediments and porewaters in Daqinghe Estuary of Dianchi Lake, China. The concentrations of total P (TP), inorganic-P (I-P),and organic-P (Org-P), and the ratio of iron-bound P (Fe-P)/calcium-bound P (Ca-P) in the sediments decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. This is probably due to the flocculant materials, e.g., ferric and aluminous salts, usually being added in the wastewater treatment processes. The concentration of ammonia in the sediment porewaters significantly decreased with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. Both concentrations of total nitrogen and nitrogen in the sediment porewaters decreased to some content with the increasing distance from the sampling site to the estuary. However, the concentrations of nitrate, dissolved total P (DTP), and TP did not have strong relationship with the distances from the sampling sites to the estuary. Pollution load and water quantity also had an important influence on the concentrations of P in sediments and its interstitial water in estuary sedimentary area.     

Treatment of soybean wastewater by a wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides and to produce protein under natural conditions

The conventional treatment method of soybean wastewater is expensive and generates waste sludge that requires further handling. Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) wastewater treatment is a clean technology and can generate single cell protein while degrading pollutants. Awild strain of PNSB, Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08, was isolated from local soil and was used to treat soybean wastewater. To develop a cost-effective process, the work was performed under natural conditions without artificial light, aeration, nutrients addition, or pH and temperature adjustment. The results showed that the wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08 could grow well under natural conditions. The growth curve showed two quick-growth periods and a turning point. The Z08 treatment of soybean wastewater was zero order reaction and COD reduction was 96% after 10 d. The major byproducts of the process were C2–C5 organic acids, predominantly butyric acid. No alcohol was found in the effluent. The initial COD/bacterial-mass ratio (F/M) had a significant effect on soybean wastewater treatment efficiency. When the initial F/M was lower than 10 mg-COD/mg-bacteria, a sufficient amount of time to achieve 90% of COD reduction was only three days. The Z08 biomass yield was 0.28 g·g⁻¹, and the bacterial protein content was 52%.     

南通龙王桥河沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物的研究

本研究对南通通甲河支流龙王桥河的表层沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)随时间的变化情况,AVS与同步浸提重金属(SEM)的关系,以及AVS与有机质(OM)的关系进行了一个月的监测。结果表明:①龙王桥河表层沉积物中AVS的平均含量为1700mg/kg,远高于其他河段,上覆水中AVS的含量达到1.0mg/L,污染严重;②归一法算得SEM/AVS1,沉积物中重金属主要以硫化物形式存在;③沉积物中OM含量与AVS有相关性,OM较高时AVS的含量也较高。     

气候与径流变化对泾惠渠灌区可持续发展的影响与对策研究

大型灌区对保障我国农业和国民经济的可持续发展、水安全和生态安全具有十分重要的作用,气候变化与人类活动造成的径流变化已经对其可持续发展产生了严重的挑战。该文利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法研究了泾惠渠灌区渠首来水量、气象要素和灌区水量供需状况变化趋势,分析其产生原因,并探讨了促进灌区可持续发展的对策。研究表明,泾河来水量和渠首引水量呈明显的减少趋势,灌区气温呈升高趋势,降水呈微弱减少趋势,灌溉亩次呈上升趋势,而灌区目前依靠大量开采地下水资源来弥补灌区渠灌水量不足,已造成了灌区地下水资源超量开采和枯竭,未来灌区供需矛盾将进一步加剧。为此,灌区今后应加强水资源统一管理,科学调控地表地下水水资源、涵养地下水源,增强灌区地表地下水资源的综合供水能力,加大渠道防渗衬砌工程建设力度,推广先进实用的田间节水技术等,以期为灌区建设和管理提供理论依据。     

富砷地热废水排放的水环境效应——以西藏羊八井热田为例

西藏羊八井热田是我国目前唯一用于地热发电的高温热田,地热电厂产生的高砷废水直接排入了藏布曲(河)——热田内最主要的地表水体。通过地热废水、藏布曲(河)河水、羊八井河水和藏布曲南溪水的砷含量的对比,阐明了地热废水排放与其他水体汇入对藏布曲河水砷含量变化的影响。地热废水中的砷在排入藏布曲后受到了河水稀释作用与河床沉积物吸附作用的影响。计算了藏布曲不同河段内砷的综合衰减系数,并与河床沉积物对砷的吸附分配系数进行了对比,发现二者的拟合曲线符合指数关系。这表明随着河床沉积物吸附作用的加强,河水中砷的天然衰减将相应呈指数形式增加。